Activist scholars Dina Gilio-Whitaker and Sociologist Erich Steiman, Ph.D., discuss the influence of Dr. Rudolph Ryser's seminal theories and application of Self-determination of Indigenous nations on the development of their thinking and writing. Key concepts touched upon include fourth world theory, the limitations of the term sovereignty, and defining the fight for Indigenous self-determination as a process of nation-building rather than a quest for equality and inclusion.